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STORAGE for editing and post production. In addition, many organizations use cloud- based rendering services for their special effects and other rendering projects, saving themselves the on-going cost of capital equipment and maintenance. Other parts of the video workflow are also turning to cloud storage. Our 2021 M&E professional survey indicated that 93 percent of the respondents said that they did proxy distribution through the internet, and 11 percent said that they archived on a private or public cloud. Figure 5 shows our projection for cloud storage revenues out to 2025, show- ing growth in cloud storage for archiving and preservation, video-on-demand, internet distribution, master networks and post production. Alibaba, Amazon, Avid, Backblaze, Google, Microsoft and Wasabi are offering cloud storage for media and entertainment applications. Cloudian, Facilis and Object Matrix provide object storage, which can be part of an M&E hybrid cloud environment. Other companies offering gateways, bridges and other ways to access content from object storage include Cantemo, iXsystems, MinIO, Tiger Technology and Veritone. MORE M&E STORAGE PROJECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The following is a summary of some high-level trends for digital storage for media and entertainment applications from the 2020 report: - The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a big impact on content creation in 2020 and 2021, except for broadcast acquisition - The growth in storage capacities will result in a total media and entertain- ment storage revenue growth of about 1.6x between 2019 and 2025 (from $10.3B to $16.3B) - Between 2019 and 2025 we expect about a 3x increase in the required digital storage capacity used in the entertainment industry and about a 3.4x increase in storage capacity shipped per year (from 70.8EB to 241EB) - In 2019 content distribution was estimated at 31 percent of total storage rev- enue followed by archiving and preservation at 29 percent, post production at 22 percent and content acquisition at 18 percent. - In 2025 the projected revenue distribution is 34 percent content distribution, 24 percent post production, 23 percent content acquisition and 19 percent archiving and preservation. - By 2025 we expect about 56 percent of archived content to be in near-line and object storage, up from 48 percent in 2019 - In 2019 we estimated that 74.7 percent of the total storage media capacity shipped for all the digital entertainment content segments was in HDDs, with digital tape at 19.0 percent, 2.7 percent optical discs and flash at 3.5 percent - By 2025 tape capacity shipment share should be reduced to 13 percent, HDDs shipped capacity is 76.5 percent, optical disc capacity is down to about 0.4 percent and flash capacity percentage is at 10.1 percent - Media revenue is expected to increase about 1.2x from 2019 to 2025 ($1.8B to $2.2B). - Over 118 Exabytes of new digital storage will be used for digital archiving and content conversion and preservation by 2025 - Storage in remote "clouds" is playing an important role in enabling collabora- tive workflows, content distribution and in archiving - Overall cloud storage capacity for media and entertainment is expected to grow over 16.3x between 2019 and 2025 (5.6EB to 91.2EB) - Cloud storage revenue will be about $2.5B by 2025 - Professional media and entertainment consumed about 28 percent of all tape capacity shipments, 4.9 percent of all hard disk drive shipments and 2.3 percent of all flash memory shipments in 2019 - We estimate that media and entertainment spending was about 9 percent of total storage revenue in 2019. Digital Storage feeds every aspect of the modern media workflow. As pro- fessional video content size grows to support ever more immersive experienc- es, so have the requirements for performance, latency and storage capacity. Digital storage and memory vendors are creating new storage products to meet these needs so video professionals have the tools they need to express their visions. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Tom Coughlin, President, Coughlin Associates (www. tomcoughlin.com), is a digital storage analyst and business and technology consultant. He has over 40 years in the data storage industry, with engineering and management positions at several companies. Coughlin Associates consults; publishes books, market and tech- nology reports (including The Media and Entertainment Storage Report and an Emerging Memory Report); and puts on digital storage-oriented events. He is the author of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics: The Essential Guide, now in its sec- ond edition with Springer. Dr. Coughlin is a regular storage and memory con- tributor for forbes.com and M&E organization websites. He is an IEEE Fellow, Past-President of IEEE-USA and is also active with SNIA and SMPTE. The OWC Mercury Pro U.2 Dual (https://eshop.macsales.com) is a fast and compact Thunderbolt NVMe array powered by up to eight NVMe SSDs, allowing users to edit high-res files, ingest and duplicate dailies, and backup large media libraries quickly. The compact solution is small enough to fit on a DIT cart, in a rack, or on a desktop, and offers performance of up to 2,800MB/second.